Focusing Scientific Dev & Tech Applications for Doubling Farmers’ Income

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Doubling Farmers’ Income
Volume XII
“Science for Doubling Farmers’ Income”
Index
Foreword ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………i
About Volume XII……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..v
Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………….13
1.1 SETTING THE CONTEXT………………………………………………………………………………………………..13
1.2 ROLE OF RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT (R&D) IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE………………………………………15
1.3 STATUS OF RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT …………………………………………………………………………..17
Issues and challenges……………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
1.4 RESTRUCTURING OF R & D FOR SCIENCE-LED IMPACTS………………………………………………………….21
1.5 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE ……………………………………………………………………………23
1.6 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN FARM MANAGEMENT ………………………………………………………………25
Paradigm shift needed in applying science & technology…………………………………………………….25
1.7 PRIORITISING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FOR FARMERS…………………………………………………………..26
1.8 ONGOING FOCUS ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (S&T) FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ………………28
ICAR 2025 – Vision Document…………………………………………………………………………………………..28
National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), 2009…………………………………………………30
National Statistical Commission Sub-Group V, Report 2011…………………………………………………31
1.9 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE & FARMERS’ WELFARE –SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) ……32
1.10 ANNOTATION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..34
Chapter 2 Research & Development for Doubling Farmers’ Income……………..37
2.1 FROM SCIENCE OF DISCOVERY TO SCIENCE OF DELIVERY………………………………………………………..37
2.2 WHY IS A CHANGE IN RESEARCH MINDSET NEEDED? …………………………………………………………..37
2.3 HOW A MIND-SET CHANGE FACILITATES DFI…………………………………………………………………….38
Science of delivery – some key areas………………………………………………………………………………..38
2.4 WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE? ………………………………………………………………………………………..40
2.5 EMERGING ISSUES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..41
2.6 SCIENCE OF DELIVERY FOR IMPACT………………………………………………………………………………….42
Anthropology of adoption……………………………………………………………………………………………….43
Failure of formal science to adequately recognise the importance of teams or partnerships……43
Converge institutional cultures, processes and individuals…………………………………………………..43
2.7 SCIENCE OF DELIVERY NEEDS TO BE REWARDED…………………………………………………………………..44
Science of Delivery is challenging……………………………………………………………………………………..44
Need to understand the complexities of agricultural systems………………………………………………44
Four ICEs framework for effective delivery of impacts…………………………………………………………45
Science of delivery is neither taught in business schools nor agriculture universities ………………45
2.8 COMPRESSING SCIENCE OF DISCOVERY TO SUPPORT SCIENCE OF DELIVERY ………………………………….46
2.9 SCIENCE OF DELIVERY TO DOUBLE FARMERS’ INCOMES …………………………………………………………47
Mindset towards Demand Driven Innovation…………………………………………………………………….47
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Backward integration of value chains……………………………………………………………………………….48
Research from the perspective of increasing income ………………………………………………………….49
Putting in place Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)……………………………………………………………….50
2.10 ‘SYSTEMS APPROACH’ TO RESEARCH ……………………………………………………………………………….51
Agro-ecological framework for a sustainable agri-food system ……………………………………….52
Research institutions working with rural entrepreneurs………………………………………………….53
Public private funding and partnership as a business model ……………………………………………53
2.11 LEVERAGE DFI AGENDA TO DRIVE CONVERGENCE ……………………………………………………………….55
2.12 THE WAY FORWARD AND ANNOTATIONS………………………………………………………………………….56
Chapter 3 Unaddressed Research & Development and Its Impact…………………59
3.1 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA’S AGRICULTURE – ROAD TRAVELLED………………………………59
3.2 FROM GREEN REVOLUTION TO INCOME REVOLUTION …………………………………………………………..60
3.3 DOMAIN SPECIFIC RESEARCH GAPS – AN EXAMINATION………………………………………………………..62
Irrigated ecosystems………………………………………………………………………………………………………62
Rainfed ecosystems………………………………………………………………………………………………………..63
Hill agriculture ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………64
Coastal agriculture…………………………………………………………………………………………………………64
Crop sector……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………65
Seed sector……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………66
Natural resource management sector………………………………………………………………………………69
Horticulture sector…………………………………………………………………………………………………………69
Animal husbandry and fishery sector………………………………………………………………………………..70
In conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..70
3.4 DEVELOPMENTAL GAPS……………………………………………………………………………………………….70
3.5 ANNOTATION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..74
Chapter 4 Science-led Future Research and Technology Development………..77
4.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION………………………………………………………………………………………..77
4.2 INVESTMENTS ON R AND D…………………………………………………………………………………………..78
4.3 SHORT-TERM RESEARCH………………………………………………………………………………………………79
Crop Research ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….79
Seed research………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..81
Research for natural resources management…………………………………………………………………….83
Horticultural sciences-research and processing………………………………………………………………….89
Research in Animal Sciences……………………………………………………………………………………………91
Research in Fishery Sciences……………………………………………………………………………………………94
Building global competitiveness through value chains………………………………………………………..95
4.4 LONG- TERM RESEARCH………………………………………………………………………………………………95
Crop science ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….95
Research in seed ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………96
Natural resources management ………………………………………………………………………………………97
Research in Animal Sciences……………………………………………………………………………………………99
Research in Fishery Sciences………………………………………………………………………………………….100
4.5 ANNOTATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………………..102
Chapter 5 Genetic Engineering for Crop Improvement………………………………… 105
5.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………… ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
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5.2 GENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) CROPS – ROLE AND POTENTIAL ………. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.3 GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS – GLOBAL PICTURE……………………… ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.4 GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS – STATUS IN INDIA……………………… ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.5 TRANSGENIC CROPS AND THEIR ADOPTION IN INDIA ……………………. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
Transgenic crops and traits in the public research system ……………Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.6 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF GM CROP TECHNOLOGY IN FUTURE …… ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.7 GENOMICS……………………………………………………………………… ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.8 GENOME EDITING …………………………………………………………….. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.9 SAFETY CONCERNS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS…………………. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.10 GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS AND REGULATORY SYSTEM IN INDIA … ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.11 ADOPTION OF TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY IN NON-FOOD CROPS ……… ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
Chapter 6 Promoting Science-led Technology – Policy Recommendation…. 107
6.1 SCIENCE OF SCALING-UP TO ACHIEVE IMPACTS ………………………………………………………………….107
6.2 SETTING UP OF LINKAGE/PARTNERSHIP/NETWORKING/INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES…………………….110
6.3 USE OF GM TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE …………………………………………………………………….115
6.4 OVERALL CONCERN AND IMMEDIATE ATTENTION NEEDED……………………………………………………115
6.5 SOME SPECIFIC AND URGENT ISSUES FOR REORIENTATION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN
AGRICULTURE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….117
Chapter 7 Role of Digital Technologies……………………………………………………………. 121
7.1 TRANSFORMATIONAL ROLE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES……………………………………………………….121
7.2 ICT BASED SUPPORT FOR FARMERS ……………………………………………………………………………….123
National e-Governance Plan – Agriculture (NeGP-A)………………………………………………………123
7.3 AGRICULTURE 2.0 (DIGITAL AGRICULTURE) …………………………………………………………………..123
7.4 UPCOMING TECHNOLOGIES ………………………………………………………………………………………..124
Big data from agriculture………………………………………………………………………………………………124
Internet of Things (IOT) in Agriculture …………………………………………………………………………….126
Artificial Intelligence …………………………………………………………………………………………………….126
Block Chain Technology for Agricultural Value System………………………………………………………127
Robots and Sensors in Agriculture ………………………………………………………………………………….128
Future uses of technologies …………………………………………………………………………………………..130
7.5 POSSIBLE AREAS OF SMART DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE ………………………………..130
7.6 DIGITALISED TECHNOLOGIES IN FARMING………………………………………………………………………..132
7.7 CHALLENGES IN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES …………………………………………………………………………133
7.8 ANNOTATION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………133
Chapter 8 Digitalisation across the Agri-Value System ………………………………… 135
8.1 STRATEGIC USE OF TECHNOLOGIES IN THE AGRICULTURAL LIFE CYCLE………………………………………135
8.2 EXISTING STATUS AND CONCERNS…………………………………………………………………………………135
8.3 MAJOR ICT INTERVENTIONS OF AGRICULTURE MINISTRY ……………………………………………………..137
8.4 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR GOVERNANCE ……………………………………………………………………..139
8.5 WHERE & HOW ICT CAN BE USED EFFECTIVELY …………………………………………………………………140
Harnessing big data analytics………………………………………………………………………………………..141
Use of ICT in monitoring system …………………………………………………………………………………….142
Dashboard monitoring system……………………………………………………………………………………….143
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Standardisation for effective inter-operability………………………………………………………………….144
Use of artificial intelligence & precision farming ………………………………………………………………145
8.6 KEY BENEFITS OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE ……………………………………………………………………..146
Chapter 9 Bouquet of Technologies for Smart Agriculture………………………….. 147
9.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………….147
9.2 ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING IN SMART FARMING………………………………………………………………..148
Crop Classification & Acreage Estimation………………………………………………………………………..149
Crop Cutting Experiment (CCE) and yield estimation…………………………………………………………149
Crop Health Monitoring ………………………………………………………………………………………………..150
Drones in agriculture ……………………………………………………………………………………………………150
Geographical Information System ………………………………………………………………………………….151
9.3 THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ……………………………………………………………………………152
Agricultural Intelligence and Machine Learning ……………………………………………………………….152
The Internet of Things…………………………………………………………………………………………………..153
9.4 APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY PACKAGE – CASE STUDIES…………………………………………………….155
Gujarat State……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….155
Karnataka State: Risk Management……………………………………………………………………………….160
9.5 AGRICULTURE GRAND CHALLENGE ………………………………………………………………………………..160
Chapter 10 Digitalisation of Villages………………………………………………………………….. 169
10.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF VILLAGE – ONGOING EFFORTS …………………………………………….169
10.2 DIGITAL INDIA PROGRAMME……………………………………………………………………………………….171
Common Services Centre (CSC) ………………………………………………………………………………….171
National Centre of Geo-Informatics (NCoG)…………………………………………………………………171
10.3 LAST MILE CONNECTIVITY…………………………………………………………………………………………..173
10.4 DIGITAL VILLAGE PROJECT ………………………………………………………………………………………….173
10.5 DIGITAL VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT PLAN …………………………………………………………………………..175
10.6 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT……………………………………………………………………..176
10.7 COMPREHENSIVE DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL PLAN (CDAP), 2008……………………………………………177
10.8 GIS AND SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE…………………………………………….178
10.9 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR REDUCTION OF VULNERABILITY ……………………….179
10.10 SPACE TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE………………………………………………………….183
10.11 GEO-TAGGING OF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES ASSETS ………………………………………………………..188
10.12 SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS – AN NRDMS: NSDI APPROACH …………………………………..188
10.13 GIS FOR RAINFED/DRYLAND FARMING SYSTEMS……………………………………………………………….190
10.14 DIGITALISATION OF AGRICULTURAL SCHEMES AND PROGRAMMES ………………………………………….191
10.15 FARMERS’ GRIEVANCES REDRESSAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (F-GRAM)…………………………………..194
10.16 ANNOTATION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………195
Chapter 11 Road Map for Modernising Agriculture ………………………………………… 197
11.1 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT – SUPPORT FRAMEWORK ………………………………………………………197
11.2 STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………………………………………………………………….198
11.3 WAY FORWARD………………………………………………………………………………………………………202
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References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 205
Annexures …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 209